• Chest pain • Dyspnea • Orthopnea • Cough • Fatigue • Cyanosis or pallor • Edema • Nocturia • Past cardiac history • Family cardiac history • Personal habits (risk factors)

• General appearance (skin color, temperature, turgor and texture) • Chest (location of apical impulse) • Precordium (apical impulse) • Sternoclavicular, aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid and epigastric areas (abnormal pulsations) • Chest wall (cardiac borders) • Heart sounds (murmurs, pericardial friction rub)

• General appearance, skin, fingernails and toenails • Carotid artery and jugular vein pulsations • Skin temperature, texture and turgor • Capillary refill time • Arterial pulses, hums or bruits

• Chest pain • Palpitations • Fatigue • Thrill • Heave • Murmur • Bruit